有效的写作几乎总是依赖于一个过程,这个过程在某种程度上取决于作者和修辞的情况(一个定时的作文考试), for example, might allow for fewer significant revisions; a white paper might require a great deal of research).
FYW 100/100P/100H成功完成后, 学生应熟悉以下概念,并在本学期中有机会使用这些概念. 虽然写作过程的要素在这里以一种可能传达时间或线性的方式列出, each concept may be employed at different points in a writing task; repeatedly; or not at all. 每个概念都可以循环到另一个:研究可以是一种发明策略, while editing might lead to revision. Finally, 学生反思写作过程和在写作过程中选择修辞的能力, and to write, research, revise, or edit in response to such reflections, is critical. 回应这样的思考是一个作家创作过程中不可或缺的一部分.
Invention
Definition: 这一阶段通常被称为写作前阶段,通常涉及启发,如头脑风暴, freewriting, pre-writing, mapping, outlining, etc. But the label of “pre-writing” suggests that invention is the first task of writing; in reality, 出于一些原因,学生可能会被要求进行发明和改造.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be offered:
- time and space to explore concepts
- opportunities to try out new ideas
- 以他人的工作和想法为基础的机会
- 有机会发现基于数据和研究的探究领域
- 有机会借鉴先前的知识和文化经验
Research
Definition: 《贝博esball官方网站》是一份综合性文件,旨在定义研究. For the purposes of FYW, 我们强调课程的入门性质和研究的迭代性质. Research is the access, evaluation, 以及使用作者/作者个人知识之外的信息. 研究可以为学生写作过程的各个阶段提供信息.
FYW: 在FYW课程中,学生应该就以下问题进行讨论和实践:
- 是什么构成了每个学生项目的可靠来源
- 人们如何评估信息来源的可信度、实用性和准确性
- 学生如何搜索(和研究)可信的信息
- 学生如何在自己的文章(摘要)中可靠地运用他人的观点, paraphrase, quotation, insertion, etc.)
- how research in academic disciplines, for difference purposes, audiences, and genres, might affect how one conducts, locates, and uses research
- why attribution and citation are important, 理解不同的修辞情境需要不同类型和类型的归因和引用
Drafting and Revision
Definition: 起草是写作或创造文本版本的行为. Drafts can be exploratory, unfinished, unpolished, and unedited; they often are part of the invention process. 修订是审查/重新设想草案以便对草案进行更改的行为, ideally in light of audience feedback; writers revise in order to better respond to a rhetorical situation in both content and style. 一般来说,修订的目标是产生更有效的文本.
FYW: 在FYW课程中,应鼓励学生:
- 在给定的学期/学期内尽可能多地为一篇课文起草不同版本的草稿
- 认真认真地修改每一份草稿
- 看到早期的草稿常常是不完整和混乱的
- 区分草稿和成稿的惯例
- to distinguish between revising and editing
- to solicit feedback from audience members, in a variety of ways: written and verbal comments; peer review sessions; individual and group conferences
- 通过修改使用反馈来创建更有效的草稿
- to move from revision to submission of draft
Proofreading and Editing
Definition: Proofreading is the practice of rereading/reviewing/revisiting a text with an eye towards surface-level clarity; it may require a review of grammar, mechanics, usage, design, and conventions. 编辑是对文本进行表面修改的实践, often in response to careful proofreading.
FYW: 在FYW课程中,应鼓励学生:
- 把校对和编辑看作是写作过程中的最后一步——校对和编辑不应该干扰发明创造, drafting, revision, or research
- 将正确性和标准化问题视为社会习俗
- 在写作中区分全球性和地方性问题
- to understand that issues of grammar, mechanics, usage, design, 约定并不总是关于正确性, but are rather about purpose, audience, and ethos
- 将技术视为作家在校对和编辑时使用的几种工具之一